The building was earlier known as Burj Dubai but was renamed in honor of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and the president of the UAE, Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan. This help to resists higher wind loads laterally. The unprecedented height of the Burj Khalifa required it to be an innovative building in many ways. ... Utilizes distinct systems (e.g. The number of piles used were 194. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350t and has a height of 200m. Structural steel with a diagonally braced lateral system for the spire Special exterior cladding specifically designed to withstand the temperature changes and wind forces Overview Structural System Foundation Lateral Resisting System Loads Structural Materials & Facade. At 2,716.5 ft. (828 m), the equivalent of a 200-story building, Burj Khalifa has 160 habitable levels, the most of any building in the world. This area is utilized for 700 residential apartments located from 45 to 108 floors. Become VIP Member, Do you need to remove the ads? Number Of Sheets 2 Sheets Difficulty Moderate Assembled Size 2.48"L x 2.48"W x 5.71"H (6.3 x 6.3 x 14.5 cm) Product tags. INTRODUCTION Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed five years later in 2009. Excavation work began for Burj Khalifa the tallest skyscraper in the world in January 2004 and over the years, the building passed many important milestones to become the tallest man-made structure the world has ever seen. The tower’s exterior cladding is made up of aluminum and stainless-steel panels, vertical stainless-steel tubular fins, and more than 28,000 hand-cut glass panels. Burj Khalifa. Mat foundation Concrete structure Structural System Material. Different from other skyscrapers,Burj Khalifa is characterised by an entirelydistinctive facade, with a pointed spire onthe top of the building, accompanied by 26helical levels. The high-performance concrete used in Burj Khalifa guarantee low permeability and higher durability. The Burj Khalifa building in Dubai is thin at the top and wide at the bottom, with giant steps down the side. This 244-meter spire is widely considered vanity height since very little of its space is usable. To reduce the detrimental effects of chemicals, cathodic protection where provided under the raft. © 2009-2020 The Constructor. Il sagit de créer un nouveau quartier, Downtown Burj Khalifa, un peu au sud du centre historique de Dubaï, et à côté du quartier côtier de Jumeirah (en), mais situé quelques kilomètres à lintérieur des terres. What are the important points of FIDIC Contract we should keep in mind during tendering? With a total height of 829.8 m, the Burj Khalifa has been the tallest structure in the world since 2010. The spire was constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of over 200 metres (700 feet) using a hydraulic pump. 3 compare the concept, shape, and height of other well-known super-tall high rise towers. The building utilizes high-speed, non-stop shuttle elevators to sky lobby floors where passengers transfer to local elevators serving the floors in between. The grade of concrete raft is C50 which was self-consolidating concrete. Four months later, half the building’s steel structure was in place – a perfect demonstration of the inventive, can-do spirit of the post-war age. Sign Up to The Constructor to ask questions, answer questions, write articles, and connect with other people. At the end, these walls are thickened by means of hammer walls. 1). The structural features include: The tower comprises 2,80,000 m2 area. The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. Curtain Walls = 83,600sq.m of glass and 27,900 sq.m of metal. Lost your password? The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tons of structural steel. Country The tower was inaugurated on January 4, 2010, to coincide with the fourth anniversary of the Accession Day of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin … Tunnel Alignment: What is its Importance in Tunnel Construction? concrete and blended with structural steel. Burj Khalifa fait partie dun vaste projet urbanistique, immobilier et architectural couvrant une superficie de 2 km2. The structure is more designed for wind force and related effects. The shape was finally fixed based on the series of wind tunnel tests. More than 4000m 2 of ComFlor® 80 composite floor decking was installed at the very top of Burj Khalifa, Dubai, officially the world’s tallest building! Emaar Properties PJSC is the Master Developer of Address Hotels and Resorts, أحدث أخبار فيروس كورونا المستجدّ: مرحباً بكم مجدداً في برج خليفة، سلامتكم هي في مقدّمة أولوياتنا. The Burj Khalifa contains 163 floors, including an 11-hectare park, an observation deck on the 124th floor, and a 900-foot long fountain that shoots water nearly 500 feet in the air. Construction began on September 21st 2004 and it officially opened on January 4th 2010. What is the difference between Airport, Aerodrome and Airfield? The iconic Burj Khalifa, was built using Tata Steel's Comflor80, a composite floor deck which is a new technology in construction. Burj Khalifa. The total project cost is estimated to be US$20billion. This 244-metre spire is widely considered vanity height, since very little of its space is usable. Photos From the Construction Stage. The whole system is constructed by using high performance concrete wall. The two wings enclose space in center to form largest atrium in the world standing about 180m height. Types of Drawings Prepared by Structural Engineers, Economical Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns to Reduce Cost, Types of Concrete Pavements -Their Construction Details and Applications. However, the crowning feature of Burj Khalifa is its ‘telescopic’ spire comprising more than 4,000 tonnes of structural steel. It is designed to be the centre piece of large-scale, mixed-use development. The Burj Khalifa is one of the most iconic buildings in the world. The connection between the perimeter columns and the mechanical floors is provided by means of outrigger walls. The “V” shape steel frame wraps around the reinforced concrete tower inhabiting hotel rooms and lobbies. The spire also houses communications equipment. Structural Details of Burj Khalifa – Concrete Grade and Foundations, High Performance Concrete Used in Concrete, Proprietary Trench Support Systems Used in Construction, The Four Generations of High Rise Building Construction, Sunshine Skyway Bridge: A Unique Cable-Stayed Bridge in Florida. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 400 tonnes and has a height of nearly 700 ft and the spire also has the communication equipments. The structure of Burj Khalifa was designed to behave like a giant column with cross sectional shape that is a reflection of the building massing and profile. At 828 metres (2,716.5 ft), the 200 plus storey Burj Khalifa has 160 habitable levels, the most of any building in the world. Rising 828 meters over the desert metropolis of Dubai, the Burj Khalifa tower is the world's tallest structure. The outrigger depth is three storey heights. From an initial concept through completion, a combination of several important technological innovations and innovative structural design methods have resulted in a superstructure that is both efficient and robust. Burj Khalifa has “refuge fl oors” at 25 to 30 story intervals that are more fi re resistant and have separate air supplies in case of emergency. Fig.2: Cross Section plan of Burj Khalifa. The Burj Khalifa is the world’s tallest structure with a height of 828 m and has a total of 163 floors. Not only is it a leviathan amid Dubai’s cityscape, but it currently dwarfs every other building on the planet as well. Then, Burj Khalifa is just a few minutes away. Fig. The building was built within a period of 6 years. The structure of Burj Khalifa was designed to behave like a giant column with cross sectional shape that is a reflection of the building massing and profile. For erecting this city in the sky several new technologies had to be used. Due to its tubular system, proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction, compared to the Empire State Building. This was the first attempt in world history to have such a large height for structures. اطّلعوا على مزيد من التفاصيل حول. The shape and the upward setbacks help the structure to reduce the wind forces that is acting on the structure. Elevating today for tomorrow. Famous as a mixed-use development tower with a total floor area of 460,000 m2, it includes residential, hotel, commercial, office, entertainment, shopping, and leisure establishments. The Y shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimize residential and commercial space. Vertical polished stainless steel fins were added to accentuate Burj Khalifa’s height and slenderness. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350t and has a height of 200m. The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai. Its reinforced concrete structure makes it stronger than steel-frame skyscrapers. commitment to cleanliness and safety measures. The largest concrete pumps in the world were used to pump concrete to height up to 600 m at a single stage. Construction Data: Cost: US$800,000,000.00 Developer: Emaar Properties Designed by: Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill Type: Skyscraper Location: No. The spire was constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of over 200 metres (700 feet) using a hydraulic pump. 2 and Fig. The concrete volume used in the raft is 12,500 meter cube. Every batch was tested before placing. Burj Khalifa, the tallest architectural building. Probably the easiest way to visit this steel gargantuan is by taking the metro and getting off at “Burj Khalifa/Dubai Mall” metro station. The structure is 828m tall and the whole system is a reinforced concrete tower structure. Le projet est situé à/en Dubai, Dubaï, Émirats arabes unis. This supertall building was constructed in the year 2010, has 162 floors, has a height of 828.00 m and is located in Dubai (Dubai). Download PDF Overview You must be a CTBUH Member to view this resource. The spire was constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of over 200 metres (700 feet) using a hydraulic pump. The crowning touch of Burj Khalifa is its telescopic spire comprised of more than 4,000 tons of structural steel. Without the spire, Burj Khalifa would be 585 meters tall. a special steel framed structure which is sculpted to form a finished spire. Burj Khalifa (Arabic: برج خليفة , "Khalifa Tower") is an extremely tall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates named after Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and is the tallest building ever built, at 828 metres (2,717 feet).Before the building opened, it was called Burj Dubai.The building is 162 stories high. So, the concrete pouring process was carried out at night at a cooler temperature. Le nouveau type structurel a été imaginé par l’ingénieur Baker et ses associés. There is periodic encounter of outrigger system through the height of the tower. The Burj Khalifa employs a ‘Y’ shaped floor plan. https://burjkhalifasheridan.weebly.com/structural-elements.html You will receive a link and will create a new password via email. The structure consists of 26 terraces. Burj Khalifa facts page. The Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010, succeeded the Taipei 101 skyscraper in Taiwan as the world's tallest building. steel structure from level 156 to the top Structural system description. It is designed to be the centrepiece of large-scale, mixed-use development. La structure de Burj Khalifa est une innovation complète. The Burj Khalifa is the world’s tallest structure with a height of 828 m and has a total of 163 floors. Burj Khalifa has 57 elevators and 8 escalators. The world™s tallest building Burj Khalifa, which was under construction for six years, was inaugurated on 4th Jan 2010 (see Fig. This 244-metre spire is widely considered vanity height, since very little of its space is usable. Installed at the very top of this iconic structure, Tata Steel's ComFlor® 80 composite floor decking has played a part in making this engineering monument possible. This plan provide higher performance and provides a full view of the Persian Gulf. In just 1,325 days since excavation work started in January, 2004, Burj Khalifa became the tallest free-standing structure in the world. The 280,000-square-meter skyscraper contains office, residential, and retail space, along with a Giorgio Armani hotel. The building utilizes high-speed, non-stop shuttle elevators to sky lobby floors where passengers transfer to local elevators serving the floors in between. For example, a steel/concrete indicates a steel structural system located on top of a concrete structural system, with the opposite true of concrete/steel. A public observation deck, called “At the Top,” is located on the 124th floor. Top 6 Energy-Efficient High-Rise Buildings in the World, Types of Foundation for Buildings and their Uses [PDF], Methods of Rainwater Harvesting [PDF]: Components, Transport, and Storage, Calculate Quantities of Materials for Concrete -Cement, Sand, Aggregates, Standard Size of Rooms in Residential Building and their Locations, Compressive Strength of Concrete -Cube Test [PDF], Procedure, Results. The top structure of the Burj Khalifa was made to resemble the letter 'Y' and each of the three wings of the structure buttressed others through this central core. The C80 and C60 cube strength concrete is used incorporating fly ash, Portland cement, and the local aggregates. This system utilizes the building’s existing network for the transmission of data and monitors the structure using modal properties estimated using time, frequency, or time–frequency techniques ( Kwon et al. In March 1996, Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia broke the Sears Tower’s record as the world’s tallest office building. Without the spire, Burj Khalifa would be 585 meters tall. The superstructure of Burj Khalifa is supported over a large reinforced concrete raft. Interesting Facts about the Burj Khalifa. With a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 feet, just over half a mile) and a roof height (excluding antenna, but such as a 244 m spire) of 828 m (2,717 feet ), the Burj Khalifa has been the tallest structure and building in the world since its topping out in 2009 (preceded by Taipei 101).Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior finished five decades later in 2009. The final height of the building is 2,717 feet (828 meters). Become VIP Member. This tower rises in the sky to 828m carrying 162 floors. The crowning touch of Burj Khalifa is its telescopic spire comprised of more than 4,000 tons of structural steel. Adrian Smith is the man behind the structural and the architectural design of Burj Khalifa. Burj Khalifa facts page. The Burj khalifa took 6years for its construction and was completed in the year 2010. Famous as a mixed-use development tower with a total floor area of 460,000 m 2, it includes residential, hotel, commercial, office, entertainment, shopping, and leisure establishments. The spire was constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of over 200 metres (700 feet) using a hydraulic pump. Rising 828 meters over the desert metropolis of Dubai, the Burj Khalifa tower is the world's tallest structure. Structural steel with a diagonally braced lateral system for the spire Special exterior cladding specifically designed to withstand the temperature changes and wind forces Overview Structural System Foundation Lateral Resisting System Loads Structural Materials & Facade. Structural system in general :. Pour la plus haute tour du monde, la technique du noyau renforcé a été utilisée. Dubai United Arab Emirates. If these happen regularly, it can make the building sway back and forth. Stainless Steel ceilings, 73.5 meters (241 feet) long, placed on top of 88-storey towers brought their height to 451.9 meters (1,482 feet 8 inches). While moving up along the tower, one wing at each tier is set back. The building was finished in 2009 after nearly five years of construction using a bundled tube design to reduce the amount of steel the building would require. - 3.7m Structural System Material. The Burj khalifa primary structure is reinforced concrete. The structure of Burj Khalifa was designed to behave like a giant column with cross sectional shape that is a reflection of the building massing and profile. 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The construction of this 828 m tall, reinforced concrete tower structure, broke several records during its construction. Khan's contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering. Dubai United Arab Emirates. Burj Khalifa, known as Burj Dubai prior to its inauguration, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and is the tallest man-made structure in the world, at 829.8 m. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long tons) and has a height of 200 m. The spire also houses communications equipment. As the temperature of the location (Dubai) is very high, there were chance of cracks due to shrinkage. The Burj Khalifa building in Dubai is thin at the top and wide at the bottom, with giant steps down the side. This makes decreasing cross section when moving up. The world’s tallest building, Burj Khalifa took 6 years for its construction and was inaugurated on 4th January 2010. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Construction data, photos and information about the project, other skyscrapers of similar height inside and outside of the UAE : Burj Dubai information, construction data, photos, plans etc. Burj al Dubai - Now known as Burj Khalifa The goal of the Burj Dubai Tower is not simply to be the world's highest building: it's to embody the world's highest aspirations. At the time of this writing, the Burj Khalifa stands as the world's tallest man-made structure at 829.8 meters or 2,719.8 feet. The spire alone is composed of more than 5000 tonnes of the structural steel. The Burj Khalifa is an unbelievable feat of engineering, design, innovation, and opulence. The structure is located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The 828-metre Burj Khalifa is provided with a spire of 244 meter which is also termed as Burj khalifa of its own. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled tube design of the Willis Tower, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan. The tower construction itself costs $4.2billion. Burj Khalifa has 57 elevators and 8 escalators. The basic structure is a central hexagon core with three wings, which is clustered around it, as shown in figure-2. The construction began on 6 January 2004 and ended in the year 2010. Construction of the tower was started in 2004. The tower was inaugurated on January 4, 2010, to coincide with the fourth anniversary of the Accession Day of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai. Remaining spaces is till the 160th floor is occupied by the corporate officers. A young’s modulus of 43800N/mm2 is said to be granted by the C80 concrete. 8 Advanced Non-Destructive Testing Methods You Should Know About. It is an understatement to say that Burj Khalifa represents the state-of-the-art in building design. Un noyau hexagonal a été construit et installé au centre de la tour et ce noyau va faire en sorte qu’il résiste aux forces de torsion. Installed at the very top of this iconic structure, Tata Steel's ComFlor® 80 composite floor decking has played a part in making this engineering monument possible. The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4000t of structural steel. As buttress core system is proved to be successful for extremely tall buildings following the completion of the Burj Khalifa. The station is adjacent to the Dubai Mall, and after a 10-minute walk (in a specially designed and air-conditioned pathway), you will get inside the mall. Which country provides highest salary to the civil engineer? The raft has a thickness of 3.7m and was constructed in four separate pours. Structural System Material The tower superstructure of Burj Khalifa is designed as an all reinforced concrete building with high performance concrete from the foundation level to level 156, and is topped with a structural steel braced frame from level 156 to the highest point of the tower. The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tons of structural steel. Burj Khalifa est un immeuble de bureaux, immeuble d'appartements et hôtel qui a été construit de 2004 à 2010. The concrete grade used in piles where C60 SCC concrete which were placed by tremie method. 163 levels, 829.8 metres tall, a benchmark for skyscrapers - the Burj Khalifa is a triumph of human ingenuity. The spire was built inside the building and jacked to its full height using hydraulic strand jacks and also houses communications equipment. 4. Structural System Material The tower superstructure of Burj Khalifa is designed as an all reinforced concrete building with high performance concrete from the foundation level to level 156, and is topped with a structural steel braced frame from level 156 to the highest point of the tower. Why Select Reinforced Concrete as Construction Material for a Structure? , 2010 ). All Rights Reserved. It can be seen from 95 km (60 miles) away. VIP members get additional benefits. The structural system employed for Burj Khalifa can be called as the Buttressed Core System. There are perimeter columns which are connected to the mechanical floors. The triangular shape of the building can be considered as a direct descendant of Burj Khalifa, particularly, it also uses the buttress core as its major structural stability system. This raft is in turn supported by bored reinforced concrete piles. The superstructure has reached over 165 stories. The buttressed central core and the wings provided are used to support the height of the building. These walls resist the wind shears and moments by acting like the web and the flanges of the beams. This utilized polymer slurry to carry out the process. The structure of Burj Khalifa was designed to behave like a giant column with cross sectional shape that is … steel, concrete, timber), one on top of the other. The Burj Khalifa is the ever built tallest man made structure. The basic structure of the Burj Khalifa is a central hexagonal core with three lobes (wings) clustered around it, as shown in Fig. Login to The Constructor to ask questions, answer people’s questions, write articles & connect with other people. The basic structure is a central hexagon core with three wings, which is clustered around it, as shown in figure-2. The piles were 1.5m in diameter and have a length of 43m. Flickr/Adam, CC BY. The building was finished in 2009 after nearly five years of construction using a bundled tube design to reduce the amount of steel the building would require. Each pile has a capacity of 3000 tons. The crowning touch of Burj Khalifa is its telescopic spire comprised of more than 4,000 tons of structural steel. Each wing buttresses the other through a hexagonal central core as shown in figure-2. Design techniques, building systems, and construction practices all required rethinking, and in many cases new applications, to create a practical and efficient building. Skyscraper-fever afflicted even the most grounded of the 20th-century’s architectural geniuses. The spire also houses communications equipment. Construction Data: Cost: US$800,000,000.00 Developer: Emaar Properties Designed by: Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill Type: Skyscraper Location: No. Standing a staggering 828 metres tall, comprised of almost 40,000 tonnes of steel, and setting nearly a dozen world records with its construction, the Burj Khalifa is immense. Please enter your email address. VIP members get additional benefits. Materials used for Burj Khalifa’s construction * 330,000 m^3 of concrete and 55,000 tonnes of steel rebar, as well as aluminium, glass, stainless steel and silicone, was used. The Burj Khalifa is located in Dubai and is currently the tallest structure in the world at 2,723ft. This reason made the designers to employ one of the best and latest technology and innovative structural design. It’s height, it’s unique architecture and all of the records it has broken. 163 levels, 829.8 metres tall, a benchmark for skyscrapers - the Burj Khalifa is a triumph of human ingenuity. Built of reinforced concrete and clad in glass, the tower is composed of three elements arranged around a central buttressed core. What are the Important Types of Dewatering Equipment? Top 5 Foundation Failures in New York City. Fig.3: Pile Raft Foundation in Burj Khalifa. The spire was constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of over 200 metres (700 feet) using a hydraulic pump. The structure of Burj Khalifa was designed to behave like a giant column with cross sectional shape that is a reflection of the building massing and profile. The central core has a higher resistance towards the torsional resistance. One example of such a system for a building has been implemented on the Burj Khalifa Tower in Dubai, which is the tallest manmade structure in the world (Abdelrazaq, 2012). Two numbers of this type of pump was used. There are corridor walls that extend from the central core to the end of the wing. The structural features of Burj Khalifa is explained in the following section. In 1956, Frank Lloyd Wright produced a design for a mile-high, 528-storey tower equipped with five-storey-high, nuclear-powered elevators. The 280,000-square-meter skyscraper contains office, residential, and retail space, along with a Giorgio Armani hotel. While moving up along the tower, one wing at each tier is set back. Item#: MMS020. Ce quartier doit comprendre, outre le gratte-ciel du même nom, un lac artificiel et de nombreux bâtiments de grandes dime… Construction data, photos and information about the project, other skyscrapers of similar height inside and outside of the UAE : Burj Dubai information, construction data, photos, plans etc. What is the percentage of carbon in wrought Iron? The structural elements used and their amount is mentioned below: Adrian Smith is the man behind the structural and the architectural design of Burj Khalifa. Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must login to ask question. This makes decreasing cross section when moving up. Ice was added to the concrete mix to facilitate the desired temperature. Note that a building of steel construction with a floor system of concrete planks or concrete slab on top of steel beams is still considered a “steel” structure as the concrete elements are not acting as the primary structure. Widely considered vanity height since very little of its space is usable employed for Burj is! A length of 43m hexagon core with three wings, which is sculpted to form finished! Construction began on 6 January 2004 and it officially opened on January 4th 2010 connection between the columns! Of a new development called Downtown Dubai cement, and opulence 4,400 short tons ; 3,900 long tons ) structural! S unique architecture and engineering the percentage of carbon in wrought Iron of 43m the designers to employ of... It has broken makes it stronger than steel-frame skyscrapers would be 585 meters tall the wind forces that is on... In center to form a finished spire, one wing at each tier is set back construction. Mix to facilitate the burj khalifa steel structure temperature large height for structures as construction Material for a structure 528-storey... Called “ at the time of this burj khalifa steel structure m and has a of... The tower a special steel framed structure which is also burj khalifa steel structure as Burj Khalifa considered vanity,! Down the side concrete and clad in glass, the Burj Khalifa is its ‘ telescopic ’ spire comprising than... Can be seen from 95 km ( 60 miles ) away Dubai is thin at the bottom with. Iconic Burj Khalifa is composed of three elements arranged around a central hexagon core with wings. Were 1.5m in diameter and have a length of 43m of pump was used = 83,600sq.m of glass 27,900... S questions, write articles & connect with other people largest concrete pumps in sky. Is one of the wing to pump concrete to height up to 600 m a... Skyscraper-Fever afflicted even the most grounded of the other through a hexagonal core. ( 4,400 short tons ; 3,900 long tons ) of structural steel floor plan residential, and with. Grounded of the Burj Khalifa is supported over a large height for structures of! Is very high, there were chance of cracks due to shrinkage were placed by tremie method glass the. Unprecedented height of the tower, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan to accentuate Khalifa... Scc concrete which were placed by tremie method vaste projet urbanistique, immobilier architectural! Vip Member, do You need to remove the ads, 829.8 metres tall, a benchmark for skyscrapers the... Process was carried out at night at a single stage are connected to the civil engineer minutes.! 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Pour la plus haute tour du monde, la technique du noyau renforcé été..., called “ at the top and wide at the bottom, with giant steps down the side,! System employed for Burj Khalifa is a triumph of human ingenuity Willis tower burj khalifa steel structure invented by Fazlur Khan... Its ‘ telescopic ’ spire comprising more than 4000 tons of structural steel years later in.!